The grammar of Russian is both interesting and intricate.
Russian has six cases (or declension). It does not haveβat least not anymoreβall that exist in other languages, such as vocative or ablative.
Cases change the forms of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals to represent their grammatical function in a sentence. This is done by changing the word ending. It can also make disappear so-called fleeting vowels (usually ΠΎ, Π΅ or Ρ), e.g., ΠΡΠ΅Ρ (nominative) becomes ΠΡΡΠ° in its singular genetive form (not ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ°) and ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² in its plural genitive. In each case, there is also a form for singular and plural, as well as differing for masculine, feminine and neutral. Russian also takes into account animacy, i.e., whether the object is alive or sentient, in which cases there are "syncretism" (cases which match together).
It is difficult to find words that are different in all the six cases, as there are often repeats; we will use two words, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° (book) and ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ (museum) which together differ in all cases (ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° has, on its own, the same dative and prepositional while ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ has the same nominative and accusative):
This concerns the subject, or the doer of an action.
This concerns possessive, and is also used for negation or absence.
Possessive:
Absence:
The possession would otherwise use the nominative: Π£ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½.
This concerns the direct object (
complΓ©ment d'objet direct), or the object on which the action is performed.
This concerns the indirect object (
complΓ©ment d'objet indirect), or the receiver of the action.
This concerns the instrument (or means) of the action, or how an action is done.
This concerns the location, or where the action takes place.
Or masculine but with 'Π°', 'Ρ' ending (ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ° or Π΄ΡΠ΄Ρ):
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| Nominative | -Π° | -Ρ | -ΠΈΡ | -Ρ1 | -ΠΈ | -ΠΈΠΈ | |
| Accusative | -Ρ | -Ρ | -ΠΈΡ | N or G | |||
| Genitive | -Ρ1 | -ΠΈ | -ΠΈΠΈ | β | -Ρ | -ΠΈΠΉ | |
| Prepositional | -Π΅ | -Π°Ρ | -ΡΡ | -ΠΈΡΡ | |||
| Dative | -Π°ΠΌ | -ΡΠΌ | -ΠΈΡΠΌ | ||||
| Instrumental | -ΠΎΠΉ2 | -Π΅ΠΉ3 | -ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ | -Π°ΠΌΠΈ | -ΡΠΌΠΈ | -ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ | |
In the instrumental case, -ΠΎΡ and -Π΅Ρ instead of -ΠΎΠΉ and -Π΅ΠΉ endings may be encountered in the singular.
Examples: ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ° β a work/job, Π±Π°ΜΠ½Ρ β a bathhouse, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π° β a book, Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡ β a line:
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| Nominative | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ° | Π±Π°ΜΠ½Ρ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π° | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΡ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³ΠΈ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΈ | |
| Accusative | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΡ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½Ρ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Ρ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | |||||
| Genitive | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΡ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³ΠΈ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΈ | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½Ρ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΉ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ΅ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½Π΅ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π΅ | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ°Ρ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½ΡΡ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π°Ρ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡΡ | ||
| Dative | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ°ΠΌ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½ΡΠΌ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π°ΠΌ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ | |||||
| Instrumental | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠΎΠΉ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½Π΅ΠΉ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³ΠΎΠΉ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ | ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΜΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ | Π±Π°ΜΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ | ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΜΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ | Π»ΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ | |
Nouns ending in a consonant are marked in the following table with β (thus no ending).
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| Nominative | β | -Ρ | -ΠΉ | -ΠΈΠΉ | -Ρ1 | -ΠΈ | -ΠΈΠΈ | ||
| Accusative | N or G | N or G | |||||||
| Genitive | -Π° | -Ρ | -ΠΈΡ | -ΠΎΠ²2 | -Π΅ΠΉ | -Π΅Π²3 | -ΠΈΠ΅Π² | ||
| Prepositional | -Π΅ | -ΠΈΠΈ | -Π°Ρ | -ΡΡ | -ΠΈΡΡ | ||||
| Dative | -Ρ | -Ρ | -ΠΈΡ | -Π°ΠΌ | -ΡΠΌ | -ΠΈΡΠΌ | |||
| Instrumental | -ΠΎΠΌ4 | -Π΅ΠΌ3 | -ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ | -Π°ΠΌΠΈ | -ΡΠΌΠΈ | -ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ | |||
Notes:
Examples: ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ β a film/movie, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Ρ β a writer, Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠΉ β a hero, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠΉ β a comment
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| Nominative | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Ρ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠΉ | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΡ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠΈ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠΈ | |
| Accusative | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Ρ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΡ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠ΅Π² | |||||
| Genitive | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΡ | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠ΅Π² | |||||
| Prepositional | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠ΅ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠΈ | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΡΡ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΡΡ | |
| Dative | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΡ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Ρ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΡ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΡ | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΡΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΡΠΌ | |
| Instrumental | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΠ΅ΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ | ΡΠΈΜΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ | ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ | Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΜΡΠΌΠΈ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΜΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ | |
Mainly nouns ending in e or o:
| Singular | Plural | ||||
| Nominative | -ΠΎ1 | -Π΅2 | -Π° | -Ρ | |
| Accusative | N or G | ||||
| Genitive | -Π° | -Ρ | β | -ΠΉ / -Π΅ΠΉ4 | |
| Prepositional | -Π΅ | -Π΅3 | -Π°Ρ | -ΡΡ | |
| Dative | -Ρ | -Ρ | -Π°ΠΌ | -ΡΠΌ | |
| Instrumental | -ΠΎΠΌ1 | -Π΅ΠΌ2 | -Π°ΠΌΠΈ | -ΡΠΌΠΈ | |
Examples ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΠΎ β a place, ΠΌΠΎΜΡΠ΅ β a sea, Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ β a building
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| Nominative | ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΠΎ | ΠΌΠΎΜΡΠ΅ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Μ | ΠΌΠΎΡΡΜ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | |
| Accusative | |||||||
| Genitive | ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΠ° | ΠΌΠΎΜΡΡ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ | ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΜΠΉ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΠΉ | |
| Prepositional | ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΠ΅ | ΠΌΠΎΜΡΠ΅ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΠΈ | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΜΡ | ΠΌΠΎΡΡΜΡ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡΡ | |
| Dative | ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΡ | ΠΌΠΎΜΡΡ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΜΠΌ | ΠΌΠΎΡΡΜΠΌ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ | |
| Instrumental | ΠΌΠ΅ΜΡΡΠΎΠΌ | ΠΌΠΎΜΡΠ΅ΠΌ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΜΠΌΠΈ | ΠΌΠΎΡΡΜΠΌΠΈ | Π·Π΄Π°ΜΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ | |
This is for feminine nouns, or with a non-standard termination of exceptional words: Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ('child', archaic) and ΠΏΡΡΡ ('path').
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | ||||
| Nominative | -Ρ | -ΠΌΡ | Π΄ΠΈΡΡΜ | ΠΏΡΡΡ | -ΠΈ | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° | Π΄Π΅ΜΡΠΈ | ΠΏΡΡΠΈΜ | |
| Accusative | N or G | Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΜΠΉ | |||||||
| Genitive | -ΠΈ | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ | Π΄ΠΈΡΡΜΡΠΈ | ΠΏΡΡΠΈΜ | -Π΅ΠΉ | -ΠΌΡΠ½(-ΠΌΡΠ½) | ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ||
| Prepositional | -ΡΡ 1 | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ | Π΄Π΅ΜΡΡΡ | ΠΏΡΡΡΜΡ | |||||
| Dative | -ΡΠΌ1 | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌ | Π΄Π΅ΜΡΡΠΌ | ΠΏΡΡΡΜΠΌ | |||||
| Instrumental | -ΡΡ | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ | Π΄ΠΈΡΡΜΡΠ΅ΠΉ | ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ | -ΡΜΠΌΠΈ1 (ΡΠΌΠΈΜ) | -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ | Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈΜ | ΠΏΡΡΡΜΠΌΠΈ | |
Examples: ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ (f) β a bone, ΠΌΡΡΡ (f) β a mouse, ΠΈΜΠΌΡ (n) β a name
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| Nominative | ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡΡ | ΠΌΡΜΡΡ | ΠΈΜΠΌΡ | ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡΠΈ | ΠΌΡΜΡΠΈ | ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Μ | |
| Accusative | ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ||||||
| Genitive | ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡΠΈ | ΠΌΡΜΡΠΈ | ΠΈΜΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ | ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ΠΈΠΌΡΠ½ | ||
| Prepositional | ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΜΡ | ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΜΡ | ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΜΡ | ||||
| Dative | ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΜΠΌ | ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΜΠΌ | ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΜΠΌ | ||||
| Instrumental | ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡΡΡ | ΠΌΡΜΡΡΡ | ΠΈΜΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΜΠΌΠΈ | ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΜΠΌΠΈ | ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΜΠΌΠΈ | |
The adjective agrees with the noun it qualifies (and before which it is usually placed) in case, gender, and number.
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | -ΡΠΉ | -ΠΎΠ΅ | -Π°Ρ | -ΡΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | -ΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | -ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | -ΠΎΠΉ | -ΡΡ | |
| Prepositional | -ΠΎΠΌ | |||
| Dative | -ΠΎΠΌΡ | -ΡΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | -ΡΠΌ | -ΡΠΌΠΈ | ||
Russian differentiates between hard-stem (as above) and soft-stem adjectives. Note the following:
Examples:
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΠΉ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²Π°Ρ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΠΎΠΉ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΡ | |
| Prepositional | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΠΎΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΠΌ | Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΠΉ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΎΠ΅ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠ°Ρ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΎΠΉ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΎΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΠΌ | Π²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΉ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½Π΅Π΅ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΡΡ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΠΈΜΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½Π΅ΠΉ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΠΈΜΠ½Π΅ΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΠΈΜΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΌ | ΡΠΈΜΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΠΉ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ΅Π΅ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ°Ρ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ΅ΠΉ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ΅ΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΠΌ | Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΜΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | ||
| Nominative | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠΉ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠ΅ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΜΡ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΜΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΜΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠ³ΠΎ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠΉ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΜΡ | |
| Prepositional | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΜΠΌΡ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΜΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΜΠΌ | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Singular | Plural | Reflexive | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | |||||||
| English | I / me | you | it | he / him | she / her | we / us | you | they / them | -self |
| Nominative | Ρ | ΡΡ | ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΜ | ΠΎΠ½ | ΠΎΠ½Π°Μ | ΠΌΡ | Π²Ρ | ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΜ | ΡΠ°ΠΌ |
| Accusative | ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΜ | ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΜ | (Π½)Π΅Π³ΠΎΜ | (Π½)Π΅Ρ | Π½Π°Ρ | Π²Π°Ρ | (Π½)ΠΈΡ | ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΜ | |
| Genitive | |||||||||
| Prepositional | ΠΌΠ½Π΅ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Μ | Π½ΡΠΌ | Π½Π΅ΠΉ | Π½ΠΈΡ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Μ | |||
| Dative | (Π½)Π΅ΠΌΡΜ | (Π½)Π΅ΠΉ | Π½Π°ΠΌ | Π²Π°ΠΌ | (Π½)ΠΈΠΌ | ||||
| Instrumental | ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΜΡ) |
ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΜΠΉ (ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΜΡ) |
(Π½)ΠΈΠΌ | (Π½)Π΅ΠΉ ((Π½)Π΅Ρ) |
Π½Π°ΜΠΌΠΈ | Π²Π°ΜΠΌΠΈ | (Π½)ΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΜΠΉ (ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΜΡ) | |
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΡΜΡΠΎΡ | ΡΜΡΠΎ | ΡΜΡΠ° | ΡΜΡΠΈ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΜΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΜΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΡΜΡΠΎΠΉ | ΡΜΡΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΜΡΠΎΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΜΡΠΎΠΌΡ | ΡΜΡΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΜΡΠΈΠΌ | ΡΜΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΡΠΎΡ | ΡΠΎ | ΡΠ° | ΡΠ΅ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΜ | ΡΠΎΠΉ | ΡΠ΅Ρ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΠΎΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΠΎΠΌΡΜ | ΡΠ΅ΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΠ΅ΠΌ | ΡΠ΅ΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΠΌΠΎΠΉ | ΠΌΠΎΡ | ΠΌΠΎΡΜ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΜ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΠΌΠΎΡΜ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ | ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΜΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΠΌΠΎΡΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡΜ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΜ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΜ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΜΠΉ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡΜ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Π½Π°Ρ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ΅ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ° | Π½Π°ΜΡΠΈ |
| Accusative | N or G | Π½Π°ΜΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΉ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Π½Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Π½Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌ | Π½Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Plur. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Π²Π°Ρ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ΅ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ° | Π²Π°ΜΡΠΈ |
| Accusative | N or G | Π²Π°ΜΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΉ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΌ | |||
| Dative | Π²Π°ΜΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | Π²Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌ | Π²Π°ΜΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ | ||
| ΠΊΡΠΎ | ΡΡΠΎ | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΠΊΡΠΎ | ΡΡΠΎ (read: ΡΡΠΎ) |
| Accusative | ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΜ (read: ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΎΜ) | |
| Genitive | ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ (read: ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΜ) | |
| Prepositional | ΠΊΠΎΠΌ | ΡΡΠΌ |
| Dative | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΜ | ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΜ |
| Instrumental | ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ | ΡΠ΅ΠΌ |
| masculine | neuter | feminine | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΡΠ΅ΠΉ | ΡΡΡ | ΡΡΡ | ΡΡΠΈ |
| Accusative | N or G | ΡΡΡ | N or G | |
| Genitive | ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ | ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ | ΡΡΠΈΡ | |
| Prepositional | ΡΡΡΠΌ | |||
| Dative | ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΜ | ΡΡΠΈΠΌ | ||
| Instrumental | ΡΡΠΈΠΌ | ΡΡΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ | ||
| Case | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Neuter Singular | Plural (All Genders) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ |
| Accusative | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ / ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ* | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ / ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅* |
| Genitive | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ |
| Dative | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ |
| Instrumental | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ |
| Prepositional | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ |
If the numeral is ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ (one), or ends with ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½, except 11, e.g., Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ (twenty-one), the noun stays in the nominative singular.
For numerals Π΄Π²Π°, ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ (two, three, four), or ending such (22, 53, etc., again excluding 12, 13 & 14) the noun takes the genitive singular in the nominative or accusative case.
Numerals from 5 to 20 (and beyond, including 20, 30, 40, etc., not ending in 1, 2, 3, 4) require the noun to be in the genitive plural when the numeral is in the nominative or accusative case.
Russian has a strong notion of grammatical aspect, i.e., of specifying the completeness, duration or repetition of an action, with so-called perfective verbs typically denoting completed or single actions and imperfective verbs indicating ongoing, habitual, or incomplete actions.
In English or French grammar, such notions are implicit instead, and although the grammar can mold itself in that direction, especially in the past, through various tenses which furthermore are named similarly, the exact meaning is difficult to render. For instance, in French, the "imparfait" resembles the Russian's imperfective:
In contrast, the "passΓ© simple" and "passΓ© composΓ©" convey the perfective:
In the present tense, the perfective translates as a future, since it implies once the action is completed. This makes for nuances that are difficult to capture in other languages when comparing to the future (as a tense) of imperfective verbs, e.g.,
(There is no future of perfective verbs, e.g., Π― Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ, baring, of coures, exceptions, e.g., Π― Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ.) The present perfective implies the book will be read (action will be completed) while the future imperfective implies a recurrent, ongoing, periodic action (focus on the activity, not its outcome or completion). Translations could be:
For this reason, instead of present perfective, some grammarians describe this directly as future, but it somehow overlooks a bit a subtlety. The fact that ad hoc construct must be made to render an idea that is built-in the verb itself in Russian, makes this aspect of the language (no pun intended) one of its specificity as well as core difficulties.
The addition of the prefix ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅- to a verb usually makes one in the perfective form (completed action), e.g.:
Most Russian verbs exist in pairs (imperfective/perfective), and are formed by the perfective adding a Prefix (e.g., ΠΏΠΎ-, ΠΏΡΠΎ-, Ρ-, Π·Π°-, Π²Ρ-, etc.) to the imperfective, e.g.:
There are, of course exceptions, especially for very used or very old terms, e.g., which differ in their root:
Or pairs where the perfective has no prefix and the imperfective seems to be derived from it, e.g.,
Or pairs where the imperfective seems to be a perfective but the perfectiv is actually, e.g.,
The verb ΠΡΡΡ (to be) only exists in the imperfective, and further serves to provide the future through its present tense (imperfective) conjugation:
Imperfective pairing can be found (or express) with other verbes: