<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian grammar</span>
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Russian grammar

The grammar of Russian is both interesting and intricate.

Cases ( ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΆ)

Russian has six cases (or declension). It does not haveβ€”at least not anymoreβ€”all that exist in other languages, such as vocative or ablative.

Cases change the forms of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals to represent their grammatical function in a sentence. This is done by changing the word ending. It can also make disappear so-called fleeting vowels (usually ΠΎ, Π΅ or Ρ‘), e.g., ΠžΡ‚Π΅Ρ† (nominative) becomes ΠžΡ‚Ρ†Π° in its singular genetive form (not ΠžΡ‚Π΅Ρ†Π°) and ΠΎΡ‚Ρ†ΠΎΠ² in its plural genitive. In each case, there is also a form for singular and plural, as well as differing for masculine, feminine and neutral. Russian also takes into account animacy, i.e., whether the object is alive or sentient, in which cases there are "syncretism" (cases which match together).

It is difficult to find words that are different in all the six cases, as there are often repeats; we will use two words, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° (book) and ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅ΠΉ (museum) which together differ in all cases (ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° has, on its own, the same dative and prepositional while ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅ΠΉ has the same nominative and accusative):

Nominative

This concerns the subject, or the doer of an action.

Книга ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.

Genitive case

This concerns possessive, and is also used for negation or absence.

Possessive:

Π― знаю Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ хранитСля музСя.

Absence:

Π£ мСня Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ мобильного Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π°.

The possession would otherwise use the nominative: Π£ мСня Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ½.

Accusative

This concerns the direct object ( complΓ©ment d'objet direct), or the object on which the action is performed.

Π― люблю ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅ΠΉ.

Dative case

This concerns the indirect object ( complΓ©ment d'objet indirect), or the receiver of the action.

Π― Π΄Π°Ρ€ΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅ΡŽ своС врСмя.

Instrumental

This concerns the instrument (or means) of the action, or how an action is done.

Π― ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΡƒΡŽΡΡŒ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅Π΅ΠΌ.

Prepositional

This concerns the location, or where the action takes place.

Π― Π΄ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΡŽ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅Π΅.

Tables

Nouns

Feminine

Or masculine but with 'а', 'я' ending (папа or дядя):

Singular Plural
Nominative -Π° -я -ия -Ρ‹1 -ΠΈ -ΠΈΠΈ
Accusative -Ρƒ -ю -ию N or G
Genitive -Ρ‹1 -ΠΈ -ΠΈΠΈ – -ь -ΠΈΠΉ
Prepositional -Π΅ -Π°Ρ… -ях -иях
Dative -ам -ям -иям
Instrumental -ой2 -Сй3 -иСй -ами -ями -иями
  1. After a sibilant (ΠΆ, Ρ‡, ш, Ρ‰) or a velar (Π³, ΠΊ, or Ρ…) consonant, ΠΈ is written.
  2. After a sibilant, ΠΎ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.
  3. After a soft consonant, Ρ‘ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.

In the instrumental case, -ою and -Сю instead of -ой and -Сй endings may be encountered in the singular.

Examples: рабо́та – a work/job, ба́ня – a bathhouse, кни́га – a book, ли́ния – a line:

Singular Plural
Nominative рабо́та ба́ня кни́га ли́ния рабо́ты ба́ни кни́ги ли́нии
Accusative рабо́ту ба́ню кни́гу ли́нию
Genitive рабо́ты ба́ни кни́ги ли́нии рабо́т ба́нь ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ли́ний
Prepositional рабо́тС ба́нС кни́гС рабо́тах ба́нях кни́гах ли́ниях
Dative рабо́там ба́ням кни́гам ли́ниям
Instrumental рабо́той ба́нСй кни́гой ли́ниСй рабо́тами ба́нями кни́гами ли́ниями
Masculine

Nouns ending in a consonant are marked in the following table with – (thus no ending).

Singular Plural
Nominative – -ь -ΠΉ -ΠΈΠΉ -Ρ‹1 -ΠΈ -ΠΈΠΈ
Accusative N or G N or G
Genitive -а -я -ия -ов2 -Сй -Св3 -иСв
Prepositional -Π΅ -ΠΈΠΈ -Π°Ρ… -ях -иях
Dative -Ρƒ -ю -ию -Π°ΠΌ -ям -иям
Instrumental -ом4 -См3 -иСм -ами -ями -иями

Notes:

  1. After a sibilant (ΠΆ, Ρ‡, ш, Ρ‰) or a velar (Π³, ΠΊ, or Ρ…) consonant, ΠΈ is written, or, for some words, Π° (Π³Π»Π°Π· β€” Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ β€” Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, etc.).
  2. After a sibilant, Π΅ΠΉ is written.
  3. After a soft consonant, Ρ‘ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.
  4. After a sibilant, ΠΎ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.

Examples: Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ – a film/movie, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ – a writer, гСро́й – a hero, коммСнта́рий – a comment

Singular Plural
Nominative Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ гСро́й коммСнта́рий Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ писа́тСли гСро́и коммСнта́рии
Accusative писа́тСля гСро́я писа́тСлСй гСро́Св
Genitive Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° коммСнта́рия Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² коммСнта́риСв
Prepositional Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ΅ писа́тСлС гСро́С коммСнта́рии Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… писа́тСлях гСро́ях коммСнта́риях
Dative Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΜΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ Π³Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΜΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΜΡ€ΠΈΡŽ Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌ писа́тСлям гСро́ям коммСнта́риям
Instrumental Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ писа́тСлСм гСро́См коммСнта́риСм Ρ„ΠΈΜΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ писа́тСлями гСро́ями коммСнта́риями
Neutral

Mainly nouns ending in e or o:

Singular Plural
Nominative -о1 -С2 -а -я
Accusative N or G
Genitive -Π° -я – -ΠΉ / -Π΅ΠΉ4
Prepositional -Π΅ -Π΅3 -Π°Ρ… -ях
Dative -Ρƒ -ю -Π°ΠΌ -ям
Instrumental -ом1 -См2 -ами -ями
  1. After a sibilant, ΠΎ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.
  2. After a soft consonant, Ρ‘ is written when stressed; Π΅ when unstressed.
  3. For nouns ending in ΠΈΠ΅ in the nominative singular, ΠΈ is written (but Π΅ when stressed β€” for the word остриё).
  4. After a consonant use Π΅ΠΉ otherwise use ΠΉ.
  5. Also: some masculine nouns ending in -ΠΎ in the nominative singular (доми́шко, diminutive from Π΄ΠΎΠΌ 'house'); there is only one masculine noun ending in -Π΅ in this declension: ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ‚Π΅ΜΡ€ΡŒΠ΅.

Examples мС́сто – a place, мо́рС – a sea, зда́ниС – a building

Singular Plural
Nominative мС́сто мо́рС зда́ниС мСста́ моря́ зда́ния
Accusative
Genitive мС́ста мо́ря зда́ния мСст морС́й зда́ний
Prepositional мС́стС мо́рС зда́нии мСста́х моря́х зда́ниях
Dative мС́сту ΠΌΠΎΜΡ€ΡŽ зда́нию мСста́м моря́м зда́ниям
Instrumental мС́стом мо́рСм зда́ниСм мСста́ми моря́ми зда́ниями
Feminine ending in ь

This is for feminine nouns, or with a non-standard termination of exceptional words: дитя ('child', archaic) and ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ('path').

Singular Plural
Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine
Nominative -ь -мя дитя́ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ -ΠΈ -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° дС́ти пути́
Accusative N or G дСтС́й
Genitive -ΠΈ -ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ дитя́ти пути́ -Π΅ΠΉ -ΠΌΡ‘Π½(-мян) путС́й
Prepositional -ях1 -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ… дС́тях путя́х
Dative -ям1 -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌ дС́тям путя́м
Instrumental -ью -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ дитя́тСй ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρ‘ΠΌ -я́ми1 (ьми́) -ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠΌΠΈΜ путя́ми
  1. After a sibilant, Π° is written.

Examples: ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ (f) – a bone, ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΡŒ (f) – a mouse, и́мя (n) – a name

Singular Plural
Nominative ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΡ‹ΜΡˆΡŒ и́мя ко́сти ΠΌΡ‹ΜΡˆΠΈ имСна́
Accusative ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ΅ΜΠΉ
Genitive ко́сти ΠΌΡ‹ΜΡˆΠΈ и́мСни костС́й ΠΈΠΌΡ‘Π½
Prepositional костя́х ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ°ΜΡ… имСна́х
Dative костя́м ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ°ΜΠΌ имСна́м
Instrumental ΠΊΠΎΜΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΌΡ‹ΜΡˆΡŒΡŽ и́мСнСм костя́ми ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ°ΜΠΌΠΈ имСна́ми

Adjectives

The adjective agrees with the noun it qualifies (and before which it is usually placed) in case, gender, and number.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative -Ρ‹ΠΉ -ΠΎΠ΅ -ая -Ρ‹Π΅
Accusative N or G -ΡƒΡŽ N or G
Genitive -ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ -ΠΎΠΉ -Ρ‹Ρ…
Prepositional -ΠΎΠΌ
Dative -ΠΎΠΌΡƒ -Ρ‹ΠΌ
Instrumental -Ρ‹ΠΌ -Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ
  1. After a sibilant or velar consonant, ΠΈ, instead of Ρ‹, is written.
  2. When a masculine adjective ends in -ΠΎΠΉ, the -ΠΎΠΉ is stressed.
  3. After a sibilant consonant, neuter adjectives end in Π΅Π΅. This is sometimes called the Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π΅ rule.
  4. Accusative in the masculine singular, and in the plural for all genders, depends on animacy, as for nouns.
  5. Instrumental feminine ending -ой/Сй for all adjectives has alternative form -ою/Сю, which differs only stylistically from the standard form.

Russian differentiates between hard-stem (as above) and soft-stem adjectives. Note the following:

  • Masculine adjectives ending in the nominative in ΠΈΠΉ and neuters in Π΅Π΅ are declined as follows: Π΅Π³ΠΎ (read: Π΅Π²ΠΎ), Π΅ΠΌΡƒ, ΠΈΠΌ, and Π΅ΠΌ.
  • Feminine adjectives in яя are declined Π΅ΠΉ and юю.
  • Plural adjectives in ΠΈΠ΅ are declined ΠΈΡ…, ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠΈ and ΠΈΡ….
  • Case endings -ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/-Π΅Π³ΠΎ are to be read as -ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ/Π΅Π²ΠΎ.

Examples:

но́вый – new
Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative но́вый но́воС но́вая но́выС
Accusative N or G Π½ΠΎΜΠ²ΡƒΡŽ N or G
Genitive но́вого но́вой но́вых
Prepositional но́вом
Dative но́вому но́вым
Instrumental но́вым но́выми
высо́кий – tall
Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative высо́кий высо́коС высо́кая высо́киС
Accusative N or G Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΜΠΊΡƒΡŽ N or G
Genitive высо́кого высо́кой высо́ких
Prepositional высо́ком
Dative высо́кому высо́ким
Instrumental высо́ким высо́кими
си́ний – blue
Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative си́ний си́нСС си́няя си́ниС
Accusative N or G си́нюю N or G
Genitive си́нСго си́нСй си́них
Prepositional си́нСм
Dative си́нСму си́ним
Instrumental си́ним си́ними
Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠΉ – good
Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ΅Π΅ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ°Ρ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠ΅
Accusative N or G Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΡƒΡŽ N or G
Genitive Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΡ…
Prepositional Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ΅ΠΌ
Dative Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠΌ
Instrumental Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠΌ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΜΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ
большо́й – big
Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative большо́й большо́С больша́я больши́С
Accusative N or G Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΜΡŽ N or G
Genitive большо́го большо́й Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΜΡ…
Prepositional большо́м
Dative Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΜΠΌΡƒ больши́м
Instrumental больши́м больши́ми

Pronouns

Personal
Singular Plural Reflexive
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Neut. Masc. Fem.
English I / me you it he / him she / her we / us you they / them -self
Nominative я Ρ‚Ρ‹ оно́ ΠΎΠ½ она́ ΠΌΡ‹ Π²Ρ‹ они́ сам
Accusative мСня́ тСбя́ (Π½)Сго́ (Π½)Π΅Ρ‘ нас вас (Π½)ΠΈΡ… сСбя́
Genitive
Prepositional ΠΌΠ½Π΅ тСбС́ Π½Ρ‘ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΈΡ… сСбС́
Dative (Π½)Сму́ (Π½)Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΌ (Π½)ΠΈΠΌ
Instrumental ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
(мно́ю)
тобо́й
(Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΜΡŽ)
(Π½)ΠΈΠΌ (Π½)Π΅ΠΉ
((н)Сю)
на́ми ва́ми (н)и́ми собо́й
(собо́ю)
  • Russian is subject to T-V distinction. The respectful form of the singular you is the same as the plural form. It begins with a capital letter: Π’Ρ‹, Вас, Π’Π°ΠΌ etc. in following situations: personal letters and official papers (addressee is definite), and questionnaires (addressee is indefinite), otherwise it begins with minuscule. Compare the distinction between du and Sie in German or tu and vous in French.
  • When a preposition is used directly before a 3rd-person pronoun in oblique cases, Π½- is prefixed: Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ (read: Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎ), с Π½Π΅Ρ‘, etc. Because the prepositional case always occurs after a preposition, the third person prepositional always starts with an Π½-.
  • Like adjectives and numerals, letter Π³ (g) in genitive and accusative form is pronounced as Π² (v) Π΅Π³ΠΎ/Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΠΎ/Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎ.
Demonstrative
этот (this)
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative э́тот э́то э́та э́ти
Accusative N or G э́ту N or G
Genitive э́того э́той э́тих
Prepositional э́том
Dative э́тому э́тим
Instrumental э́тим э́тими
Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ (that)
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚Π΅
Accusative N or G Ρ‚Ρƒ N or G
Genitive того́ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…
Prepositional Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ
Dative тому́ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ
Instrumental Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ тС́ми
Possessive
ΠΌΠΎΠΉ (my, mine)
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡ‘ моя́ мои́
Accusative N or G мою́ N or G
Genitive моСго́ моС́й мои́х
Prepositional ΠΌΠΎΡ‘ΠΌ
Dative моСму́ мои́м
Instrumental мои́м мои́ми
Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΉ (your, yours) for a singular possessor
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ‘ твоя́ твои́
Accusative N or G Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡŽΜ N or G
Genitive твоСго́ твоС́й твои́х
Prepositional Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ‘ΠΌ
Dative твоСму́ твои́м
Instrumental твои́м твои́ми
свой (one's own) for a subject possessor
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative свой своё своя́ свои́
Accusative N or G свою́ N or G
Genitive своСго́ своС́й свои́х
Prepositional своём
Dative своСму́ свои́м
Instrumental свои́м свои́ми
наш (our, ours)
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative наш на́шС на́ша на́ши
Accusative N or G Π½Π°ΜΡˆΡƒ N or G
Genitive на́шСго на́шСй Π½Π°ΜΡˆΠΈΡ…
Prepositional на́шСм
Dative Π½Π°ΜΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ на́шим
Instrumental на́шим на́шими
ваш (your, yours) for a plural possessor
Masc. Neut. Fem. Plur.
Nominative ваш ва́шС ва́ша ва́ши
Accusative N or G Π²Π°ΜΡˆΡƒ N or G
Genitive ва́шСго ва́шСй Π²Π°ΜΡˆΠΈΡ…
Prepositional ва́шСм
Dative Π²Π°ΜΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ ва́шим
Instrumental ва́шим ва́шими
Interrogative
ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ('who') and Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ('what')
ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ
Nominative ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ (read: ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ)
Accusative кого́ (read: каво́)
Genitive чСго́ (read: чиво́)
Prepositional ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ‡Ρ‘ΠΌ
Dative кому́ чСму́
Instrumental ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ
Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ ('whose')
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‡ΡŒΡ‘ Ρ‡ΡŒΡ Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈ
Accusative N or G Ρ‡ΡŒΡŽ N or G
Genitive Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎΜ Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈΡ…
Prepositional Ρ‡ΡŒΡ‘ΠΌ
Dative Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒΜ Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈΠΌ
Instrumental Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈΠΌ Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈΜΠΌΠΈ
  • The ending -Π΅Π³ΠΎ is pronounced as -Π΅Π²ΠΎ.


Declensions of ΠšΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ
Case Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Neuter Singular Plural (All Genders)
Nominative ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ которая ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅
Accusative ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ / ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ* ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… / ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅*
Genitive ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…
Dative ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ
Instrumental ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ
Prepositional ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…
  • Note: In the accusative case, for masculine singular and plural, use **ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ** (singular) or **ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…** (plural) for animate nouns, and **ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ** (singular) or **ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅** (plural) for inanimate nouns.
Numeral's case and number rules

If the numeral is ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ (one), or ends with ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½, except 11, e.g., Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ (twenty-one), the noun stays in the nominative singular.

For numerals Π΄Π²Π°, Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ, Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ (two, three, four), or ending such (22, 53, etc., again excluding 12, 13 & 14) the noun takes the genitive singular in the nominative or accusative case.

Numerals from 5 to 20 (and beyond, including 20, 30, 40, etc., not ending in 1, 2, 3, 4) require the noun to be in the genitive plural when the numeral is in the nominative or accusative case.

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Aspect ( Π²ΠΈΠ΄)

Russian has a strong notion of grammatical aspect, i.e., of specifying the completeness, duration or repetition of an action, with so-called perfective verbs typically denoting completed or single actions and imperfective verbs indicating ongoing, habitual, or incomplete actions.

Meaning

In English or French grammar, such notions are implicit instead, and although the grammar can mold itself in that direction, especially in the past, through various tenses which furthermore are named similarly, the exact meaning is difficult to render. For instance, in French, the "imparfait" resembles the Russian's imperfective:

Je lisais.
Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π».

In contrast, the "passΓ© simple" and "passΓ© composΓ©" convey the perfective:

Je lus, j'ai lu.
ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π».

In the present tense, the perfective translates as a future, since it implies once the action is completed. This makes for nuances that are difficult to capture in other languages when comparing to the future (as a tense) of imperfective verbs, e.g.,

Π― Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ.
Π― ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ.

(There is no future of perfective verbs, e.g., Π― Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ, baring, of coures, exceptions, e.g., Π― Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ это.) The present perfective implies the book will be read (action will be completed) while the future imperfective implies a recurrent, ongoing, periodic action (focus on the activity, not its outcome or completion). Translations could be:

I will read the book [completely].
I will be reading the book.
Je lirai le livre (et le finirai).
Je serai en train de lire le livre.

For this reason, instead of present perfective, some grammarians describe this directly as future, but it somehow overlooks a bit a subtlety. The fact that ad hoc construct must be made to render an idea that is built-in the verb itself in Russian, makes this aspect of the language (no pun intended) one of its specificity as well as core difficulties.

The addition of the prefix ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅- to a verb usually makes one in the perfective form (completed action), e.g.:

ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ("to write") β†’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ("to rewrite").
Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ("to walk") β†’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ("to cross" or "to switch").

Verb pairing

Most Russian verbs exist in pairs (imperfective/perfective), and are formed by the perfective adding a Prefix (e.g., ΠΏΠΎ-, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ-, с-, Π·Π°-, Π²Ρ‹-, etc.) to the imperfective, e.g.:

Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, "to love/to fall in love".
Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, "to read/to read completely"
Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ/ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, "to do/to have done".
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ/Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ, "to write/to write completely".
Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, "to work/to complete the work".

There are, of course exceptions, especially for very used or very old terms, e.g., which differ in their root:

Π“ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ/ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ
Π‘Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ/Π²Π·ΡΡ‚ΡŒ
Π›ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ
Π˜ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ/Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ
ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ

Or pairs where the perfective has no prefix and the imperfective seems to be derived from it, e.g.,

ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ/ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, to buy.

Or pairs where the imperfective seems to be a perfective but the perfectiv is actually, e.g.,

ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ/ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, to try.

Π‘Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ

The verb Π‘Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ (to be) only exists in the imperfective, and further serves to provide the future through its present tense (imperfective) conjugation:

Π― Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π·Π°Π²Ρ‚Ρ€Π°.
Π’Ρ‹ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅ΡˆΡŒ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· час?

Imperfective pairing can be found (or express) with other verbes:

  • ΠŸΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ is a prefixed form of Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ that can function as its perfective version, meaning "to be for a while" or "to stay briefly." For example, "Π― ΠΏΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Π» Π² МосквС" ("I was in Moscow for a while") indicates a completed, temporary state.
  • Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ("to become") is often used as a perfective verb to indicate a change of state or a completed action related to being. For instance, "Он стал Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΎΠΌ" ("He became a doctor") conveys a completed transition. It has, however, its imperfective: ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ.
  • ΠžΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ("to turn out to be") can also serve as a perfective substitute in some contexts, e.g., "Он оказался ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²" ("He turned out to be right"). It also has, however, its imperfective: ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ.

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