Photon condensation
Photon condensation is the process whereby a coherent state of photons is formed that is in thermal equilibrium according to the Bose-Einstein Distribution. As such, this differs from the laser which achieves a coherent state of photons, but through the strongly out-of-equilibrium mechanism of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
The first report is by J. Klaers et al.,[1] with theoretical works by P. Kirton and J. Keeling,[2][3] among others.[4]
Other references include Refs. [5]
Other notable works:
- Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Phase Coherence of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir. J. Schmitt, T. Damm, D. Dung, C. Wahl, F. Vewinger, J. Klaers and M. Weitz in Phys. Rev. Lett. 116:033604 (2016).
- Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation for a Bose-Einstein Condensate of Photons. F. Öztürk, F. Vewinger, M. Weitz and J. Schmitt in Phys. Rev. Lett. 130:033602 (2023).
- Stabilizing Open Photon Condensates by Ghost-Attractor Dynamics. A. Abouelela, M. Turaev, R. Kramer, M. Janning, M. Kajan, S. Ray and J. Kroha in Phys. Rev. Lett. 135:053402 (2025).
References
- ↑ Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity. J. Klaers, J. Schmitt, F. Vewinger and M. Weitz in nature 468:545 (2010).
- ↑ Nonequilibrium Model of Photon Condensation. P. Kirton and J. Keeling in Phys. Rev. Lett. 111:100404 (2013).
- ↑ Thermalization and breakdown of thermalization in photon condensates. P. Kirton and J. Keeling in Phys. Rev. A 91:033826 (2015).
- ↑ Fluctuation dynamics of an open photon Bose-Einstein condensate. F. Öztürk, T. Lappe, G. Hellmann, J. Schmitt, J. Klaers, F. Vewinger, J. Kroha and M. Weitz in Phys. Rev. A 100:043803 (2019).
- ↑ Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. M. Pieczarka, M. Gębski, A. N. Piasecka, J. A. Lott, A. Pelster, M. Wasiak and T. Czyszanowski in Nature Photon. 18:1090 (2024).