Microcavities

Versions

1st Edition

Published 20 December 20 (2007). [ISBN: 978-0191527968]

Revised Edition

Published 19 May (2011). [ISBN: 978-0199602278]

2nd Edition

Published 29 April (2017). [ISBN: 978-0191085864]

3rd Edition

In preparation.

TOC

Of the last (2nd) edition:

§1 Overview of Microcavities

1. Properties of microcavities
   1. Q-factor and finesse
   2. Intracavity field enhancement and field distribution
   3. Tuneability and mode separation
   4. Angular mode pattern
   5. Low-threshold lasing
   6. Purcell factor and lifetimes
   7. Strong vs. weak coupling
2. Microcavity realizations
3. Planar microcavities
   1. Metal microcavities
   2. Dielectric Bragg mirrors
4. Spherical mirror microcavities
5. Pillar microcavities
6. Whispering-gallery modes
   1. Two-dimensional whispering galleries
   2. Three-dimensional whispering-galleries
7. Photonic-crystal cavities
   1. Random lasers
8. Material systems
   1. GaN microcavities
   2. ZnO microcavities
   3. Organic microcavities
   4. Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs)
   5. Plasmonic nanocavities
9. Microcavity lasers
10. Conclusion

§2 Classical description of light

1. Free space
   1. Light-field dynamics in free space
2. Propagation in crystals
   1. Plane waves in bulk crystals
   2. Absorption of light
   3. Kramers–Kronig relations
3. Coherence
   1. Statistical properties of light
   2. Spatial and temporal coherence
   3. Wiener–Khinchin theorem
   4. Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect
4. Polarisation-dependent optical effects
   1. Birefringence
   2. Magneto-optical effects
5. Propagation of light in multilayer planar structures
6. Photonic eigenmodes of planar systems
   1. Photonic bands of 1D periodic structures
7. Planar microcavities
8. Tamm plasmons and photonic Tamm states
9. Stripes, pillars, and spheres: photonic wires and dots
   1. Cylinders and pillar cavities
   2. Spheres
10. Further reading

§3 Quantum description of light

1. Pictures of quantum mechanics
   1. Historical background
   2. Schrödinger picture
   3. Antisymmetry of the wavefunction
   4. Symmetry of the wavefunction
   5. Heisenberg picture
   6. Dirac (interaction) picture
2. Other formulations
   1. Density matrix and Liouvillian
   2. Second quantization
   3. Quantization of the light field
3. Quantum states
   1. Fock states
   2. Coherent states
   3. Glauber–Sudarshan representation
   4. Thermal states
   5. Mixture states
   6. Power spectrum
   7. g(2) and other Glauber correlators
   8. Polarisation
4. Outlook on quantum mechanics for microcavities
5. Further reading

§4 Semiclassical description of light–matter coupling

1. Light–matter interaction
   1. Classical limit
   2. Einstein coefficients
2. Optical transitions in semiconductors
3. Excitons in semiconductors
   1. Frenkel and Wannier–Mott excitons
   2. Excitons in confined systems
   3. Quantum wells
   4. Quantum wires and dots
4. Exciton–photon coupling
   1. Surface polaritons
   2. Exciton–photon coupling in quantum wells
   3. Exciton–photon coupling in quantum wires and dots
   4. Dispersion of polaritons in planar microcavities
   5. Motional narrowing of cavity polaritons
   6. Microcavities with quantum wires or dots

§5 Quantum description of light–matter coupling

1. Historical background
2. Rabi dynamics
3. Bloch equations
4. Full quantum picture
   1. Light–Matter interaction Hamiltonian
   2. Dressed bosons
   3. Josephson coupling
   4. Jaynes–Cummings model
   5. Dicke model
5. Lindblad dissipation
6. Quantum dynamics with decay and pumping
   1. Single-time dynamics of coupled Bose fields
   2. Two-time dynamics of coupled Bose fields
   3. The two-level system coupled to a Bose field
7. Excitons in semiconductors
   1. Quantization of the exciton field
   2. Excitons as bosons
   3. Excitons in quantum dots
8. Exciton–photon coupling
   1. Polariton splitting
   2. The polariton Hamiltonian

§6 Weak-coupling microcavities

1. Purcell effect
   1. The physics of weak coupling
   2. Spontaneous emission
   3. Quantum Dots, 2D excitons and 2D electron–hole pairs
   4. Fermi’s golden rule
   5. Dynamics of the Purcell effect
   6. Experimental realizations
2. Lasers
   1. The physics of lasers
   2. Semiconductors in laser physics
   3. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
   4. Resonant-cavity LEDs
   5. Quantum theory of the laser
3. Nonlinear optical properties of weak-coupling microcavities
   1. Bistability
   2. Phase matching
4. Conclusion

§7 Strong-coupling: resonant effects

1. Optical properties: background
   1. Quantum well microcavities
   2. Variations on a theme
   3. Motional narrowing
   4. Ultra-strong coupling in THz cavities
   5. Polariton emission
2. Near-resonant-pumped optical nonlinearities
   1. Pulsed stimulated scattering
   2. Quasimode theory of parametric amplification
   3. Microcavity parametric oscillators
3. Resonant excitation case and parametric amplification
   1. Semiclassical description
   2. Stationary solution and threshold
   3. Theoretical approach: quantum model
   4. Three-level model
   5. Threshold
4. Two-beam experiment
   1. One-beam experiment and spontaneous symmetry breaking
   2. Dressing of the dispersion induced by polariton condensates
   3. Bistable behaviour
5. Propagation of polaritons
   1. Polariton wavepackets
   2. Self-accelerating and self-interfering wavepackets
   3. Superfluid propagation
   4. Elementary excitation of resonantly pumped polaritons
   5. Conventional and unconventional polariton superfluidity
   6. High-density effects: the polariton backjet

§8 Strong-coupling: polariton Bose condensation

1. Introduction
2. Basic ideas about Bose–Einstein condensation
   1. Einstein proposal
   2. Experimental realization
   3. Modern definition of Bose–Einstein condensation
3. Specificities of excitons and polaritons
   1. Thermodynamic properties of cavity polaritons
   2. Interacting bosons and Bogoliubov model
   3. Polariton superfluidity
   4. Quasicondensation and local effects
4. Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: semiclassical picture
   1. Qualitative features
   2. The semiclassical Boltzmann equation
   3. Numerical solution of Boltzmann equations, practical aspects
   4. Effective scattering rates
   5. From thermodynamic to kinetic regime
5. Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: quantum picture in the Born–Markov approximation
   1. Density matrix dynamics of the ground-state
   2. Discussion
   3. Coherence dynamics
6. Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: quantum picture beyond the Born–Markov approximation
   1. Two-oscillator toy theory
   2. Coherence of polariton laser emission
   3. Numerical simulations
   4. Order parameter and phase diffusion coefficient
7. Spatial dynamics of polariton condensates
   1. Gross–Pitaevskii equation
   2. Modified Gross–Pitaevskii equations
   3. Bogolon dispersion
   4. Spatial coherence. The thermal fluctuation effect
8. Experiments on Bose–Einstein condensation, superfluidity and lasing of polaritons
   1. Experimental observation
   2. Polariton lasing vs Bose–Einstein condensation
   3. Polariton diodes
   4. Experiments on superfluidity
9. Polariton billiard
10. Superconductivity mediated by exciton-polaritons
11. Further reading

§9 Spin and polarization

1. Introduction
2. Spin relaxation of electrons, holes and excitons in semiconductors
3. Microcavities in the presence of a magnetic field
4. Resonant Faraday rotation
5. Spin relaxation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities: experiment
6. Spin relaxation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities: theory
7. Optical spin Hall effect
8. Full Poincaré beams and polarisation shaping in microcavities
9. Optically induced Faraday rotation
10. Interplay between spin and energy relaxation of exciton-polaritons
11. Polarisation of Bose condensates and polariton superfluids
12. Magnetic-field effect and superfluidity
13. Finite-temperature case
14. Stationary states of spinor condensates
15. Conclusions
16. Further reading

§10 Quantum fluids of light

1. Introduction
2. Topological excitations in quantum fluids of light
   1. Topological defects in scalar condensates
   2. Interaction with a static defect; superfluidity and topology
3. Half-integer topological defects in spinor quantum fluids
   1. Introduction
   2. Half-vortices
   3. Half-solitons
4. Hydrodynamic generation of oblique half-solitons and half-vortices
5. Spin Bifurcation Theory (Broken Parity)
   1. Paramagnetic solutions
   2. Ferromagnetic solutions
6. Engineering of the polariton band structure
   1. Introduction
   2. Wire Cavities
   3. Single Pillars and molecules
   4. Lattices: A few basics about 1D lattices
   5. Bright- and gap-solitons in 1D polariton systems
   6. Honeycomb lattice (scalar approximation)
   7. Honeycomb lattice (polarized)
   8. Polariton topological insulators
7. Further reading

§11 Quantum polaritonics

1. Microcavity QED
   1. Quantum vs classical polaritons
   2. Control of polariton Rabi oscillations
   3. Polariton squeezing
   4. Polariton statistics
   5. Polariton entanglement
2. Polariton blockade
   1. Jaynes–Cummings blockade
   2. Kerr blockade
   3. Unconventional blockade
3. Frequency-resolved photon correlations
   1. Photo-detection theory
   2. The sensor method
   3. Two-photon spectra
4. N–photon emitters
   1. Super-Rabi oscillations
   2. Robust Jaynes–Cummings resonances
   3. Bundles of photons
   4. Yudson representation
5. Exciting with Quantum Light
   1. Cascaded formalism
   2. Exciting simple targets
   3. Mollow spectroscopy
6. Quantum Information Processing
   1. Quantum Computation
   2. Limits of Quantum Computation
   3. Quantum Annealing
   4. Polariton simulator
   5. Other paradigms
7. Future prospects and reading

§12 Polariton devices

1. Polariton lasers
   1. Concept of polariton lasing
   2. Realization of polariton lasers in semiconductor microcavities
2. Polariton lasers with electrical injection
   1. Experimental manifestations
   2. Weak lasing
3. Polariton terahertz lasers
   1. Variety of proposals
   2. Polariton terahertz lasers with two-photon excitation
   3. Superradiant emission of terahertz radiation by dipolaritons
4. Bosonic cascade lasers
   1. The Boltzmann dynamics of bosonic cascades
   2. Quantum model of a bosonic cascade laser
5. Spatial dynamics of polariton lasing structures
   1. Pattern formation
   2. Control of lasing modes in structured potentials
   3. Bistability and polariton condensate memories
   4. Polariton quantum random number generators
6. Polariton condensate transistors and optical circuits
   1. Polariton transistors
   2. Polariton neurons
7. Conclusions
8. Further reading

Authors

The monograph is written by Alexey Kavokin, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillaume Malpuech and Fabrice P. Laussy.

Errors & Errata

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